Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 14, Issue 2 , Pages 64-71 , April 2004

Outcome research, nutrition, and reverse epidemiology in maintenance dialysis patients

  • Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    • Division of Epidemiology and Public Health Nutrition, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
  • ,
  • Denis Fouque, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology and Research Center for Human Nutrition, Hopital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Denis Fouque, MD, Professor of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology and Research Center for Human Nutrition, Hopital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
  • ,
  • Joel D. Kopple, MD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Medicine and Public Health, UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA

References 

  1. System URD . USRD 2001 Annual Data Report; Atlas of End Stage Renal Diseases in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2001;
  2. Nicolucci A, Procaccini DA. Why do we need outcomes research in end stage renal disease?. J Nephrol. 2000;13:401–404
  3. Morbidity and mortality of dialysis. NIH Consens Statement. 1993;11:1–33
  4. Fleischmann E, Teal N, Dudley J, et al.  Influence of excess weight on mortality and hospital stay in 1,346 hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1999;55:1560–1567
  5. Mehrotra R, Kopple JD. Nutritional management of maintenance dialysis patients (Why aren’t we doing better?). Annu Rev Nutr. 2001;21:343–379
  6. Coresh J, Longenecker JC, Miller ER, et al.  Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:S24–S30
  7. Ritz E. Why are lipids not predictive of cardiovascular death in the dialysis patient?. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1996;22:9–12
  8. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, et al.  Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003;63:793–808
  9. Fleischmann EH, Bower JD, Salahudeen AK. Risk factor paradox in hemodialysis (Better nutrition as a partial explanation). ASAIO J. 2001;47:74–81
  10. Lowrie EG, Li Z, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM. Body size, dialysis dose and death risk relationships among hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1891–1897
  11. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ikizler A, Block G, et al.  Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients (Causes and consequences). Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:864–881
  12. Kalantar-Zadeh K, McAllister C, Lehn R, et al.  Effect of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome on erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:761–773
  13. Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O, Lindholm B, et al.  Are there two types of malnutrition in chronic renal failure? Evidence for relationships between malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis (MIA syndrome). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:953–960
  14. Lowrie EG, Lew NL. Death risk in hemodialysis patients (The predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities). Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;15:458–482
  15. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, et al.  Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2010–2019
  16. Vonesh E, Schaubel D, Hao W, et al.  Statistical methods for comparing mortality among ESRD patients (Examples of regional/international variations). Kidney Int. 2000;57:19–27
  17. Bergstrom J. Nutrition and mortality in hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;6:1329–1341
  18. Bergstrom J. Metabolic acidosis and nutrition in dialysis patients. Blood Purif. 1995;13:361–367
  19. Wolfe RA, Gaylin DS, Port FK, et al.  Using USRDS generated mortality tables to compare local ESRD mortality rates to national rates. Kidney Int. 1992;42:991–996
  20. Guo SS, Siervogel RM, Chumlea WC. Epidemiological applications of body composition. The effects and adjustment of measurement errors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;904:312–316
  21. Holford TR, Stack C. Study design for epidemiologic studies with measurement error. Stat Methods Med Res. 1995;4:339–358
  22. Combe C, Chauveau P, Laville M, et al.  Influence of nutritional factors and hemodialysis adequacy on the survival of 1,610 French patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:S81–S88
  23. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Relative contributions of nutrition and inflammation to clinical outcome in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:1343–1350
  24. Yeun JY, Kaysen GA. Factors influencing serum albumin in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:S118–125
  25. Sehgal AR, Dor A, Tsai AC. Morbidity and cost implications of inadequate hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:1223–1231
  26. Blake C, Codd MB, Cassidy A, et al.  Physical function, employment and quality of life in end-stage renal disease. J Nephrol. 2000;13:142–149
  27. Chen YC, Hung KY, Kao TW, et al.  Relationship between dialysis adequacy and quality of life in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2000;20:534–540
  28. Diaz-Buxo JA, Lowrie EG, Lew NL, et al.  Quality-of-life evaluation using Short Form 36 (Comparison in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients). Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:293–300
  29. Lowrie EG, Curtin RB, Lepain N, et al.  Medical outcomes study short form-36 (A consistent and powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients). Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1286–1292
  30. Jofre R, Lopez-Gomez JM, Moreno F, et al.  Changes in quality of life after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:93–100
  31. Kutner NG, Zhang R, McClellan WM. Patient-reported quality of life early in dialysis treatment (Effects associated with usual exercise activity). Nephrol Nurs J. 2000;27:357–367
  32. Mapes DL, Lopes AA, Satayathum S, et al.  Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization (The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS)). Kidney Int. 2003;64:339–349
  33. Fouque D, Laville M, Boissel JP, et al.  Controlled low protein diets in chronic renal insufficiency (meta-analysis). Br Med J. 1992;304:216–220
  34. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al.  The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:877–884
  35. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al.  Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861–869
  36. Fouque D. Producing systematic reviews of best quality (A prerequisite for evidence-based nephrology). J Nephrol. 1999;12:314–317
  37. Gunnell J, Yeun JY, Depner TA, et al.  Acute-phase response predicts erythropoietin resistance in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:63–72
  38. Goicoechea M, Caramelo C, Rodriguez P, et al.  Role of type of vascular access in erythropoietin and intravenous iron requirements in haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2188–2193
  39. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kleiner M, Dunne E, et al.  A modified quantitative subjective global assessment of nutrition for dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:1732–1738
  40. Madore F, Lowrie EG, Brugnara C, et al.  Anemia in hemodialysis patients (Variables affecting this outcome predictor). J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:1921–1929
  41. Bergstrom J. Inflammation, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2000;104:641–643
  42. Yeun JY, Levine RA, Mantadilok V, et al.  C-Reactive protein predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:469–476
  43. Owen WF, Lowrie EG. C-reactive protein as an outcome predictor for maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1998;54:627–636
  44. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, et al.  Hypoalbuminemia, cardiac morbidity, and mortality in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:728–736
  45. Culp K, Flanigan M, Dudley J, et al.  Using the Quetelet body mass index as a mortality indicator for patients starting renal replacement therapy. ANNA J. 1998;25:321–330 discussion 331–322
  46. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Fukiyama K. Predictors of end-stage renal disease and body mass index in a screened cohort. Kidney Int. 1997;63(suppl):S169–S170
  47. Leavey SF, McCullough K, Hecking E, et al.  Body mass index and mortality in healthier as compared with sicker haemodialysis patients (Results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS)). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2386–2394
  48. Port FK, Ashby VB, Dhingra RK, et al.  Dialysis dose and body mass index are strongly associated with survival in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1061–1066
  49. Bologa RM, Levine DM, Parker TS, et al.  Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:107–114
  50. Iseki K, Yamazato M, Tozawa M, et al.  Hypocholesterolemia is a significant predictor of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;61:1887–1893
  51. Kalantar-Zadeh KBG, McAllister C, Kopple JD. A low, rather than a high, plasma homocysteine is a marker of poor outcome in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:442–453
  52. Lowrie EG. History and organization of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int. 1983;13(suppl):S1–S7
  53. Bergstrom J, Lindholm B, Lacson E, et al.  What are the causes and consequences of the chronic inflammatory state in chronic dialysis patients?. Semin Dial. 2000;13:163–175
  54. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, McAllister CJ, et al.  Appetite and inflammation, nutrition, anemia and clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; (in press)
  55. Kalantar-Zadeh KBG, McAllister CJ, Humphreys MH, et al.  Self-reported subjective appetite correlates with inflammation, nutrition, and anemia and predicts quality of life and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Annual conference of American Society of Nephrology. Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; (abstr)
  56. Iseki K, Miyasato F, Tokuyama K, et al.  Low diastolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, and risk of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1997;51:1212–1217
  57. Salahudeen AK. Obesity and survival on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:925–932
  58. Zager PG, Nikolic J, Brown RH, et al.  “U” curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Medical Directors of Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Kidney Int. 1998;54:561–569
  59. Kalantar-Zadeh KMC, Liu E, Lehn RS, et al.  Low, rather than high, serum iron store indices predict mortality and hospitalization in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;
  60. Avram MM, Sreedhara R, Fein P, et al.  Survival on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis over 12 years with emphasis on nutritional parameters. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:S77–S80
  61. Wanner C, Zimmermann J, Schwedler S, et al.  Inflammation and cardiovascular risk in dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;80(suppl):99–102
  62. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Supasyndh O, Lehn RS, et al.  Normalized protein nitrogen appearance is correlated with hospitalization and mortality in hemodialysis patients with Kt/V greater than 1.20. J Renal Nutr. 2003;13:15–25

 Supported by grant #DK61162 from the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (to K.K.-Z.) and a research grant from Amgen, Inc (to K.K.-Z. and J.D.K.).

PII: S1051-2276(04)00006-8

doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2004.01.005

Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 14, Issue 2 , Pages 64-71 , April 2004