Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 15, Issue 4 , Pages 362-370 , October 2005

Boron and the Kidney

  • Madeleine V. Pahl, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Madeleine V. Pahl, MD, FACP, UCI Medical Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 101 The City Drive, Bldg 53, Rm 125, Rt 81, Orange, CA 92868.
  • ,
  • B. Dwight Culver, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA.
  • ,
  • Nosratola D. Vaziri, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA.

References 

  1. US Renal Data System . USRDS 2002 Annual Data Report . Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2002;
  2. Woods WG . An introduction to boron (History, sources, uses, and chemistry) . Environ Health Perspect . 1994;102:5–11
  3. Price CJ , Strong PL , Marr MC , et al.   Developmental toxicity NOAEL and postnatal recovery in rats fed boric acid during gestation . Fundam Appl Toxicol . 1996;32:179–193
  4. Culver BD , Hubbard SA . Inorganic boron health effects in humans (An aid to risk assessment and clinical judgment) . J Trace Elem Exp Med . 1996;9:175–184
  5. Rainey C , Nyquist L . Multicountry estimation of dietary boron intake . Biol Trace Elem Res . 1998;66:79–86
  6. Rainey CJ , Nyquist LA , Christensen RE , et al.   Daily boron intake from the American diet . J Am Diet Assoc . 1999;99:335–340
  7. Ploquin J . Boron in nutrition . Aliment Vie . 1967;55:70–113
  8. ECETOC . Reproductive and general toxicology of some inorganic borates and risk assessment for human beings . Brussels, Belgium: European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals; 1995;
  9. Hunt CD . The biochemical effects of physiologic amounts of dietary boron in animal nutrition models . Environ Health Perspect . 1994;102:35–43
  10. Hunt CD , Herbel JL , Idso JP . Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick . J Bone Miner Res . 1994;9:171–182
  11. Hunt CD , Stoecker BJ . Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints, and paradigms for boron, chromium, and fluoride dietary recommendations . J Nutr . 1996;126:2441–2451
  12. Lanoue L , Taubeneck MW , Muniz J , et al.   Assessing the effects of low boron diets on embryonic and fetal development in rodents using in vitro and in vivo model systems . Biol Trace Elem Res . 1998;66:271–298
  13. Mertz W . Essential trace metals (New definitions based on new paradigms) . Nutr Rev . 1993;51:287–295
  14. Nielsen FH . The saga of boron in food (From a banished food preservative to a beneficial nutrient for humans) . Curr Topics Plant Biochem Physiol . 1991;10:274
  15. Nielsen FH . Facts and fallacies about boron . Nutr Today . 1992;27:6–12
  16. Nielsen FH . Biochemical and physiologic consequences of boron deprivation in humans . Environ Health Perspect . 1994;102:59–63
  17. Neilsen FH . The emergence of boron as nutritionally important throughout the life cycle . Nutrition . 2000;16:512–514
  18. Fort DJ , Probst TL , Stover EL , et al.   Adverse reproductive and developmental effects in Xenopus from insufficient boron . Biol Trace Elem Res . 1998;66:237–259
  19. Rowe RL , Bouzan C , Nabili S , et al.   The response of trout and zebrafish embryos to low and high boron concentrations is U-shaped . Biol Trace Elem Res . 1998;66:261–270
  20. Park M , Li Q , Shcheynikov N , et al.   NaBC1 is a ubiquitous electrogenic Na+-coupled borate transporter essential for cellular boron homeostasis and cell growth and proliferation . Mol Cell . 2004;16:331–341
  21. Schou JS , Jansen JA , Aggerbeck B . Human pharmacokinetics and safety of boric acid . Arch Toxicol . 1984;7:232–235
  22. Jansen JA , Schou JS , Aggerbeck B . Gastrointestinal absorption and in vitro release of boric acid from water-emulsifying ointments . Food Chem Toxicol . 1984;22:49–53
  23. Vaziri ND , Oveisi F , Culver BD , et al.   The effect of renal clearance of boron in rats given boric acid orally . Toxicol Sci . 2001;60:257–263
  24. Pahl MV , Culver BD , Strong PL , et al.   The effect of pregnancy on renal clearance of boron in humans (A study based on normal dietary intake of boron) . Toxicol Sci . 2001;60:252–256
  25. Dordas C , Chrispeels MJ , Brown PH . Permeability and channel-mediated transport of boric acid across membrane vesicles isolated from squash roots . Plant Physiol . 2000;124:1349–1362
  26. Takano J , Noguchi K , Yasumori M , et al.   Arabidopsis boron transporter for xylem loading . Nature . 2002;420:337–340
  27. Frommer WB , von Wiren N . Plant biology (Ping-pong with boron) . Nature . 2002;420:82–283
  28. Parker MD , Ourmozdi EP , Tanner MJ . Human BTR1, a new bicarbonate transporter superfamily member and human AE4 from kidney . Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2001;282:1103–1109
  29. Locatelli C , Minoia C , Tonini M , et al.   Human toxicology of boron with special reference to boric acid poisoning . G Ital Med Lav . 1987;9:141–146
  30. Toxicological profile for boron and compounds. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Prepared by Life Systems Inc, subcontract to Clement International Corp. Contract No. 205-88-0608, 1992
  31. Baliah T , MacLeish M , Drummond KN . Acute boric acid poisoning (Report of an infant successfully treated by peritoneal dialysis) . Can Med Assoc J . 1969;101:166–168
  32. Baker DH , Wilson RE . Lethality of boric acid in the treatment of burns . JAMA . 1963;186:1169–1170
  33. Baker MD , Bogema SC . Ingestion of boric acid by infants . Am J Emerg Med . 1986;4:358–361
  34. Boggs TRF , Anrode HG . Boric acid poisoning treated by exchange transfusion (Report of a case) . Pediatrics . 1955;16:109–114
  35. Brooke C , Boggs T . Boric acid poisoning (Report of a case and review of the literature) . Am J Dis Child . 1951;82:465–472
  36. Chao TC , Maxwell SM , Lyen K , et al.   Mass poisoning in Perak, Malaysia, or the Tale of the Nine Emperor Gods and rat tail noodles . J Forensic Sci Soc . 1991;31:283–288
  37. Chao TC , Maxwell SM , Wong SY . An outbreak of aflatoxicosis and boric acid poisoning in Malaysia (A clinicopathological study) . J Pathol . 1991;164:225–233
  38. Goldbloom RB , Goldbloom A . Boric acid poisoning (Report of four cases and a review of 109 cases from the world literature) . J Pediatr . 1953;43:631–643
  39. Ishii Y , Fujizuka N , Takahashi T , et al.   A fatal case of acute boric acid poisoning . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol . 1993;31:345–352
  40. Jordon JW , Crissey JT . Boric acid poisoning (A report of fatal adult case from cutaneous use) . Arch Dermatol . 1957;75:720–728
  41. Linden CH , Hall AH , Kulig KW , et al.   Acute ingestions of boric acid . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol . 1986;24:269–279
  42. Martin GI . Asymptomatic boric acid intoxication. Value of peritoneal dialysis . NY State J Med . 1971;71:1842–1844
  43. McNally WD , Rukstinat G . Two deaths due to boric acid . Medical Record . 1947;160:284–288
  44. Peyton HA , Green D . Boric acid poisoning . South Med J Dec . 1941;34:1286–1288
  45. Restuccio A , Mortensen ME , Kelley MT . Fatal ingestion of boric acid in an adult . Am J Emerg Med . 1992;10:545–547
  46. Rosen FS , Haggerty RJ . Fatal poisoning from topical use of boric acid powders . N Engl J Med . 1956;255:530–531
  47. Segaar WE . Peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of boric acid poisoning . N Engl J Med . 1960;262:798–800
  48. Stolpmann R , Hopmann G . Hämodialysebehandlung einer akuten Borsäurevergiftung . Dtsch Med Wochenschr . 1975;100:899–901
  49. Teshima D , Morishita K , Ueda Y , et al.   Clinical management of boric acid ingestion (Pharmacokinetic assessment of efficacy of hemodialysis for treatment of acute boric acid poisoning) . J Pharmacobiodyn . 1992;15:287–294
  50. Valdes-Dapena MA , Arey JB . Boric acid poisoning (Three fatal cases with pancreatic inclusions and a review of the literature) . J Pediatr . 1962;61:531–546
  51. Wong LC , Heimbach MD , Truscott DR , et al.   Boric acid poisoning (Report of 11 cases) . Can Med Assoc J . 1964;90:1018–1023
  52. Young EG , Smith RF , MacIntosh OC . Boric acid as a poison (Report of six accidental deaths in infants) . Can Med Assoc J . 1949;61:447–450
  53. Locksley HB , Farr LE . The tolerance of large doses of sodium borate intravenously by patients receiving neutron capture therapy . J Pharmacol . 1955;114:484–489
  54. Jansen JA , Andersen J , Schou JS . Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man . Arch Toxicol . 1984;55:64–67
  55. NTP (National Toxicology Program): Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of boric acid (CAS No. 10043-35-3) in B6C3F1 mice. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health (Technical Report Series No. 324), 1987
  56. Weir RJ , Fisher RS . Toxicologic studies on borax and boric acid . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol . 1972;23:351–364
  57. O’Sullivan K , Taylor M . Chronic boric acid poisoning in infants . Arch Dis Child . 1983;58:737–749
  58. Gordon AS , Prichard JS , Freedman MH . Seizure disorders and anemia associated with chronic borax intoxication . Can Med Assoc J . 1973;108:719–724
  59. Heindel JJ , Price CJ , Field EA , et al.   Developmental toxicity of boric acid in mice and rats . Fundam Appl Toxicol . 1992;18:266–272
  60. Price CJ , Strong PL , Marr MC , et al.   Developmental Toxicity NOAEL and Postnatal Recovery in Rats Fed Boric acid during Gestation . Fundam Appl Toxicol . 1996;32:179–193
  61. Fail PA , George JD , Seely JC , et al.   Reproductive toxicity of boric acid in Swiss (CD-1) mice (Assessment using the continuous breeding protocol) . Fundam Appl Toxicol . 1991;17:225–239
  62. Usuda K , Kono K , Iguchi K , et al.   Hemodialysis effect on serum boron level in the patients with long-term hemodialysis . Sci Total Environ . 1996;191:283–290
  63. Usuda K , Kono K , Nishiura K , et al.   Boron diffusion across the dialysis membrane during hemodialysis . Miner Electrolyte Metab . 1997;23:100–104
  64. Padovese P , Gallieni M , Brancaccio D , et al.   Trace elements in dialysis fluids and assessment of the exposure of patients on regular hemodialysis, hemofiltration and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis . Nephron . 1992;61:440–448
  65. NHANES III . Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994). National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Survey Publication; 1994;
  66. Hunt CD , Shuler TR , Mullen LM . Concentration of boron and other elements in human foods and personal-care products . J Am Diet Assoc . 1991;91:558–568
  67. Rainey CJ , Nyquist LA , Casterline J , et al.   Estimation of dietary boron intake in six countries, Egypt, Germany, Great Britain, Kenya, Mexico and the United States . In:  Roussel AM ,  Anderson RA ,  Favier AE editor. Trace Elements in Man and Animal . New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press; 2000;p. 1053–1056
  68. International Programme on Chemical Safety . Environmental Health Criteria 204 International Programme on Chemical Safety . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1998;
  69. ACGIH . Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents . Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Worldwide; 2005;
  70. Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Permissible Exposure Limits for Boron Oxide . Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Department of Labor; 2005;

PII: S1051-2276(05)00061-0

doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2005.05.001

Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 15, Issue 4 , Pages 362-370 , October 2005