Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 16, Issue 2 , Pages 125-131 , April 2006

Relationship Between Serum Carnitine, Acylcarnitines, and Renal Function in Patients With Chronic Renal Disease

  • Denis Fouque, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, and JE 2411, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Denis Fouque, MD, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France
  • ,
  • Shannon Holt, RD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and the Research and Education Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
  • ,
  • Fitsum Guebre-Egziabher, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, and JE 2411, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
  • ,
  • Kazunori Nakamura, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, and JE 2411, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
  • ,
  • Christine Vianey-Saban, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Metabolic Disease Unit, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France
  • ,
  • Aoumeur Hadj-Aïssa, MD

      Affiliations

    • Laboratoire d’Exploration Fonctionnelle Rénale, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, France
  • ,
  • Charles L. Hoppel, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
  • ,
  • Joel D. Kopple, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and the Research and Education Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
    • David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA

References 

  1. Matera M , Bellinghieri G , Costantino G , et al.   History of L-carnitine (Implications for renal disease) . J Ren Nutr . 2003;13:2–14
  2. Guarnieri G , Toigo G , Crapesi L , et al.   Carnitine metabolism in chronic renal failure . Kidney Int Suppl . 1987;22:S116–S127
  3. Mitchell M . Carnitine metabolism in human subjects . Am J Clin Nutr . 1978;31:293–306
  4. Borum PR , Taggart EM . Carnitine nutriture of dialysis patients . J Am Diet Assoc . 1986;86:644–647
  5. Borum PR , Bennett SG . Carnitine as an essential nutrient . J Am Coll Nutr . 1986;5:177–182
  6. Evans A . Dialysis-related carnitine disorder and levocarnitine pharmacology . Am J Kidney Dis . 2003;41(suppl 4):S13–S25
  7. Guarnieri G , Situlin R , Biolo G . Carnitine metabolism in uremia . Am J Kidney Dis . 2001;38(suppl 1):S63–S67
  8. Wanner C , Forstner-Wanner S , Schaeffer G , et al.   Serum free carnitine, carnitine esters and lipids in patients on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis . Am J Nephrol . 1986;6:206–211
  9. Chazot C , Blanc C , Hurot JM , et al.   Nutritional effects of carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients . Clin Nephrol . 2003;59:24–30
  10. Bellinghieri G , Savica V , Mallamace A , et al.   Correlation between increased serum and tissue L-carnitine levels and improved muscle symptoms in hemodialyzed patients . Am J Clin Nutr . 1983;38:523–531
  11. Wanner C , Forstner-Wanner S , Rossle C , et al.   Carnitine metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure (Effect of L-carnitine supplementation) . Kidney Int Suppl . 1987;22:S132–S135
  12. Brass EP , Adler S , Sietsema KE . Intravenous L-carnitine increases plasma carnitine, reduces fatigue, and may preserve exercise capacity in hemodialysis patients . Am J Kidney Dis . 2001;37:1018–1028
  13. Ahmad S , Robertson HT , Golper TA , et al.   Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects . Kidney Int . 1990;38:912–918
  14. Hurot JM , Cucherat M , Haugh M . Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients (A systematic review) . J Am Soc Nephrol . 2002;13:708–714
  15. Matsumoto Y, Sato M, Ohashi H, et al: Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiac morbidity in hemodialyzed patients. Am J Nephrol 20:201-207, 1000
  16. Sakurauchi Y , Matsumoto Y , Shinzato T , et al.   Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on muscular symptoms in hemodialyzed patients . Am J Kidney Dis . 1998;32:258–264
  17. Labonia WD . L-carnitine effects on anemia in hemodialyzed patients treated with erythropoietin . Am J Kidney Dis . 1995;26:757–764
  18. Vesela E , Racek J , Trefil L , et al.   Effect of L-carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients . Nephron . 2001;88:218–223
  19. Rogerson ME , Rylance PB , Wilson R , et al.   Carnitine and weakness in haemodialysis patients . Nephrol Dial Transplant . 1989;4:366–371
  20. Evans AM , Faull R , Fornasini G , et al.   Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis . Clin Pharmacol Ther . 2000;68:238–249
  21. Leschke M , Rumpf KW , Eisenhauer T , et al.   Quantitative assessment of carnitine loss during hemodialysis and hemofiltration . Kidney Int Suppl . 1983;16:S143–S146
  22. Ricanati ES , Hoppel CS . Hemodialysis in chronic renal failure does not produce carnitine depletion . Kidney Int . 1985;27:170; (abstr)
  23. Wanner C , Horl WH . Carnitine abnormalities in patients with renal insufficiency. Pathophysiological and therapeutical aspects . Nephron . 1988;50:89–102
  24. Rumpf KW , Leschke M , Eisenhauer T , et al.   Quantitative assessment of carnitine loss during haemodialysis and haemofiltration . Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc . 1983;19:298–301
  25. Hadj-Aissa A , Bankir L , Fraysse M , et al.   Influence of the level of hydration on the renal response to a protein meal . Kidney Int . 1992;42:1207–1216
  26. Coresh J , Toto RD , Kirk KA , et al.   Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot study . Am J Kidney Dis . 1998;32:32–42
  27. Vianey-Saban C , Guffon N , Delolme F , et al.   Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism by acylcarnitine profiling in blood using tandem mass spectrometry . J Inherit Metab Dis . 1997;20:411–414
  28. Minkler PE , Brass EP , Hiatt WR , et al.   Quantification of carnitine, acetylcarnitine, and total carnitine in tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography (The effect of exercise on carnitine homeostasis in man) . Anal Biochem . 1995;231:315–322
  29. Mehrotra R , Kopple JD . Nutritional management of maintenance dialysis patients (Why aren’t we doing better?) . Annu Rev Nutr . 2001;21:343–379
  30. Kohse KP , Graser TA , Furst P . Plasma levels of carnitine precursor 6-N-trimethyllysine and maintenance hemodialysis . Kidney Int Suppl . 1987;22:S128–S131
  31. Evans AM , Fornasini G . Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine . Clin Pharmacokinet . 2003;42:941–967
  32. Brass EP . Pharmacokinetic considerations for the therapeutic use of carnitine in hemodialysis patients . Clin Ther . 1995;17:176–185
  33. Rizza V , Lorefice N , Rizza N , et al.   Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine in human subjects . In:  Ferrari R ,  DiMauro S ,  Sherwood G editor. L-carnitine and its Role in Medicine (From Function to Therapy) . London: Academic Press–Harcourt Brace; 1992;p. 63–77

 Study part A was partly supported by the University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, and Hospices Civils de Lyon, France. Study part B was partly funded through a grant from Sigma-Tau Corporation, and a National Institutes of Health grant M01-RR-00425 (GCRC, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA). Dr. Nakamura was supported by Hospal Corporation, Japan.

PII: S1051-2276(06)00005-7

doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2006.01.004

Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 16, Issue 2 , Pages 125-131 , April 2006