Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 2-6 , January 2008

Uremic Toxins: What Are They? An Integrated Overview of Pathobiology and Classification

  • Richard J. Glassock, MD, MACP

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Richard J. Glassock, MD, MACP, 8 Bethany, Laguna Niguel, CA 92677.

References 

  1. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, et al. Review on uremic toxins. Classification, concentration and inter-individual variability. Kidney Int. 2003;63:1934–1943
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  3. Massry SG. Is parathyroid hormone a uremic toxin?. Nephron. 1977;19:125–130
  4. Merrill JP, Hampers CL. Uremia. Progress in pathophysiology and treatment. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1971;
  5. Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate. In:  Massry SG,  Glassock RJ editor. Textbook of nephrology. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001;p. 1269–1271
  6. Schepers E, Meert N, Gloriex G, Goeman J, Van der Eycken J, Vanholder R. P-cresylsulphate, the main in vivo metabolite of p-cresol, activates leucocyte free radical production. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:592–596
  7. Leiper J, Nandi M, Torondel B, et al. Disruption of methylarginine metabolism impairs vascular homeostasis. Nat Med. 2007;13:198–203
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  11. Stenvinkel P. Inflammation in end-stage renal disease: the hidden enemy. Nephrology. 2006;11:36–41
  12. Kielstein JT, Zocalli C. Asymmetric dimethylarginine: a cardiovascular risk factor and a uremic toxin coming of age. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:186–202
  13. Cardounel AJ, Cui H, Samouilov A, et al. Evidence for the pathophysiological role of endogenous methylarginines in regulation of endothelial NO production and vascular function. J Biol Chem. 2007;12:879–887
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PII: S1051-2276(07)00221-X

doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2007.10.003

Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 2-6 , January 2008