Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 185-192 , May 2010

Nutrition-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hemodialysis Patients

  • Yasemin Arslan, MSc
  • ,
  • Gul Kiziltan, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Gul Kiziltan, PhD, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Sciences Faculty, Baskent University, Baglica Kampusu, Eskisehir Yolu 20.km, 06530 Ankara, Turkey.

References 

  1. National Cholesterol Education Program. Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  2. United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2007 Annual Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2007;available at www.usrds.org/adr.htm
  3. Turkish Society of Nephrology: Registry of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation in Turkey. Available at http//:www.tsn.org.tr/documents/registry/registry_2007_tr-eng.pdf
  4. Lindner A, Charra B, Sherrerd DJ, et al. Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:697–701
  5. Raine AEG, Schwarz U, Ritz E. The patient with uremia: hypertension and cardiac problems. In:  Davison AM editors. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998;p. 1885–1919
  6. Wheeler DC. Cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;35:453–456
  7. United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2003 Annual Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2003;Available at www.usrds.org/adr.htm
  8. United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2004 Annual Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2004;Available at www.usrds.org/adr.htm
  9. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296–1305
  10. Weiner DE, Tabatabai S, Tighiourart H, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality: exploring the interaction between CKD and cardiovascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:392–401
  11. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Asssocition Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108:2154–2169
  12. Fort J. Chronic renal failure: a cardiovascular risk factor. Kidney Int. 2005;68(Suppl 99):S25–S29
  13. Al-Ahmod A, Rand WM, Manjunath G, et al. Reduced kidney function and anemia as risk factors for mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:955–962
  14. Garesh SK, Stack AG, Levin NW, et al. Association of elevated serum PO(4), Cax(PO(4)) product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2131–2138
  15. Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Divino-Filho JC, et al. Inflammation, malnutrition and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(Suppl):S28–S36
  16. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA dietary guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102:2296–2311
  17. Cupisti A, D'Allessandro C, Baldi R, et al. Dietary habits and counseling focused on phosphate intake in hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. J Ren Nutr. 2004;14:220–225
  18. Wiggins KL, Harvey KS. A review of guidelines for nutrition care of renal patients. J Ren Nutr. 2002;12:190–196
  19. World Health Organization. Technical Report Series: Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003;
  20. Detsky AS, Mclaugghlin JR, Baker JP. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status?. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11:8–13
  21. Enia G, Sicuso C, Alati G. Subjective global assessment of nutrition in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:1094–1098
  22. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kleiner M, Dunne E, et al. Total binding capacity-estimated transferring concentrations in dialysis patients correlate with the subjective global assessment of nutrition. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:263–272
  23. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kleiner M, Dunne E, et al. A modified quantitive subjective global assessment of nutrition for dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:1732–1738
  24. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI. Clinical Practice Guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(Suppl 2):6
  25. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, Tesinsky P, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:295–310
  26. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499–502
  27. Clarke R, Evans G, Schneede J, et al. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life. Age Ageing. 2004;33:34–41
  28. Ueland PM, Refsum U, Stabler SP, et al. Total homocysteine in plasma and serum: methods and clinical applications. Clin Chem. 1993;39:1767–1779
  29. Levin A. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease prior to dialysis. Semin Dial. 2003;16:101–105
  30. Lippi G, Tessitore N, Gammore L, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic renal failure maintained on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Thromb Res. 2001;101:517–519
  31. Wanner C, Quaschning T. Dyslipidemia and renal disease: pathogenesis and clinical consequences. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2001;10:195–201
  32. Cofan F, Vela E, Cleris M. Analysis of dyslipidemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis in Catalonia. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184:94–102
  33. Hurselman M, Moosa MR, Kotze TJ, et al. Protein-energy malnutrition as a risk factor increased morbidity in long-term hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2000;10:7–15
  34. Burrowes JD, Dalton S, Backstrand J, et al. Patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis with low vs high levels of nutritional risk have decreased morbidity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:563–572
  35. Beddhu S, Pappas LM, Ramkumar N, et al. Malnutrition and atherosclerosis in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:733–742
  36. Chazot C, Laurant G, Bernard C, et al. Malnutrition in Long-term hemodialysis survivors. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:60–69
  37. Jones CH, Wolfenden RC, Wells LM. Is subjective global assessment a reliable measure of nutritional status in hemodialysis?. J Ren Nutr. 2004;14:26–30
  38. Jane L. Prevalence and prognostic significance of malnutrition in chronic renal insufficiency in hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2001;11:16–22
  39. Lowrie EG, Lew NL. Commonly measured laboratory variables in hemodialysis patients. Relationship among them and to death risk. Semin Nephrol. 1992;12:276–283
  40. Basille C. The effect of convention on the nutritional status of haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:46–49
  41. Leavey SF, Strawderman RL, Jones CA, et al. Simple nutritional indicators as independent predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:997–1006
  42. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, et al. Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003;63:793–808
  43. Beddhu S. The body mass index paradox and an obesity, inflammation and atherosclerosis syndrome in chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2004;17:229–232
  44. Hakim RM, Lowrie E. Obesity and mortality in ESRD: is it good to be fat?. Kidney Int. 1999;55:1580–1581
  45. Kramer HJ, Saranathan A, Luke A, et al. Increasing body mass index and obesity in the incident ESRD population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:1453–1459
  46. Leavey SF, McCullough KM, Hecking E, et al. Body mass index and mortality in “healthier” as compared with “sicker” haemodialysis patients: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2386–2394
  47. Vlagopoulos PT, Tighiouart H, Weiner DE, et al. Anemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in diabetes: the impact of chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3403–3410
  48. Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1149–1155
  49. Nerbass FB, Draibe SA, Feiten SF, et al. Homocysteine and its determinants in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:267–270
  50. Friedman AN, Bostom AG, Selhub J, et al. The kidney and homocysteine metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2181–2189
  51. Bostom AG, Culleton BF. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:891–900
  52. Moustapha A, Naso A, Nahlawi M, et al. Prospective study of hyperhomocysteinemia as an adverse cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 1998;97:138–141
  53. Bostom AG, Lathrop L. Hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease: prevalence, etiology and potential relationship to atherosclerotic outcomes. Kidney Int. 1997;52:10–20
  54. Lindner A, Bankson DD, Stehman-Breen S, et al. Vitamin B6 metabolism and homocysteine in end-stage renal disease and chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:134–145
  55. Elian KM, Hoffer LJ. Hydroxocobalamin reduces hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease. Metabolism. 2002;51:881–886
  56. Koyama K, Usami T, Takeuchi O, et al. Efficacy of methylcobalamin on lowering total homocysteine plasma concentrations in hemodialysis patients receiving high-dose folic acid supplementation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:916–922
  57. Wrone EM, Hornberger JM, Zehnder JL, et al. Randomized trial of folic acid for prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:420–426
  58. Kalantar-Zadeh K, İkizler TA, Block G, et al. Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients: causes and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:864–881
  59. Stenvinkel P, Heimbürger O, Lindholm B, et al. Are there two types of malnutrition in chronic renal failure? Evidence for relationships between malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:953–960
  60. Locatelli F, Fouque D, Heimburger O, et al. Nutritional status in dialysis patients: a European consensus. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:563–572

PII: S1051-2276(09)00212-X

doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2009.08.008

Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 185-192 , May 2010